import logging
import random
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Callable,
    Dict,
    Iterator,
    List,
    Mapping,
    Optional,
    Tuple,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
)

import numpy as np
from packaging.version import parse as parse_version

from ray._private.arrow_utils import get_pyarrow_version
from ray._private.ray_constants import env_integer
from ray.air.constants import TENSOR_COLUMN_NAME
from ray.air.util.tensor_extensions.arrow import (
    convert_to_pyarrow_array,
    pyarrow_table_from_pydict,
)
from ray.data._internal.arrow_ops import transform_polars, transform_pyarrow
from ray.data._internal.arrow_ops.transform_pyarrow import shuffle
from ray.data._internal.row import row_repr, row_repr_pretty, row_str
from ray.data._internal.table_block import TableBlockAccessor, TableBlockBuilder
from ray.data.block import (
    Block,
    BlockAccessor,
    BlockColumn,
    BlockColumnAccessor,
    BlockExecStats,
    BlockMetadataWithSchema,
    BlockType,
    U,
)
from ray.data.context import DEFAULT_TARGET_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE, DataContext
from ray.data.expressions import Expr

try:
    import pyarrow
except ImportError:
    pyarrow = None


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import pandas

    from ray.data._internal.planner.exchange.sort_task_spec import SortKey


T = TypeVar("T")
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


_MIN_PYARROW_VERSION_TO_NUMPY_ZERO_COPY_ONLY = parse_version("13.0.0")
_BATCH_SIZE_PRESERVING_STUB_COL_NAME = "__bsp_stub"


# Set the max chunk size in bytes for Arrow to Batches conversion in
# ArrowBlockAccessor.iter_rows(). Default to 4MB, to optimize for image
# datasets in parquet format.
ARROW_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES = env_integer(
    "RAY_DATA_ARROW_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES",
    int(DEFAULT_TARGET_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE / 32),
)


# We offload some transformations to polars for performance.
def get_sort_transform(context: DataContext) -> Callable:
    if context.use_polars or context.use_polars_sort:
        return transform_polars.sort
    else:
        return transform_pyarrow.sort


def get_concat_and_sort_transform(context: DataContext) -> Callable:
    if context.use_polars or context.use_polars_sort:
        return transform_polars.concat_and_sort
    else:
        return transform_pyarrow.concat_and_sort


class ArrowRow(Mapping):
    """
    Row of a tabular Dataset backed by a Arrow Table block.
    """

    def __init__(self, row: Any):
        self._row = row

    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[str, List[str]]) -> Any:
        from ray.data.extensions import get_arrow_extension_tensor_types

        tensor_arrow_extension_types = get_arrow_extension_tensor_types()

        def get_item(keys: List[str]) -> Any:
            schema = self._row.schema
            if isinstance(schema.field(keys[0]).type, tensor_arrow_extension_types):
                # Build a tensor row.
                return tuple(
                    [
                        ArrowBlockAccessor._build_tensor_row(
                            self._row, col_name=key, row_idx=0
                        )
                        for key in keys
                    ]
                )

            table = self._row.select(keys)
            if len(table) == 0:
                return None

            items = [col[0] for col in table.columns]
            try:
                # Try to interpret this as a pyarrow.Scalar value.
                return tuple([item.as_py() for item in items])

            except AttributeError:
                # Assume that this row is an element of an extension array, and
                # that it is bypassing pyarrow's scalar model for Arrow < 8.0.0.
                return items

        is_single_item = isinstance(key, str)
        keys = [key] if is_single_item else key

        items = get_item(keys)

        if items is None:
            return None
        elif is_single_item:
            return items[0]
        else:
            return items

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
        for k in self._row.column_names:
            yield k

    def __len__(self):
        return self._row.num_columns

    def as_pydict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        return dict(self.items())

    def __str__(self):
        return row_str(self)

    def __repr__(self):
        return row_repr(self)

    def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
        return row_repr_pretty(self, p, cycle)


class ArrowBlockBuilder(TableBlockBuilder):
    def __init__(self):
        if pyarrow is None:
            raise ImportError("Run `pip install pyarrow` for Arrow support")
        super().__init__((pyarrow.Table, bytes))

    @staticmethod
    def _table_from_pydict(columns: Dict[str, List[Any]]) -> Block:
        return pyarrow_table_from_pydict(
            {
                column_name: convert_to_pyarrow_array(column_values, column_name)
                for column_name, column_values in columns.items()
            }
        )

    @staticmethod
    def _combine_tables(tables: List[Block]) -> Block:
        if len(tables) > 1:
            return transform_pyarrow.concat(tables, promote_types=True)
        else:
            return tables[0]

    @staticmethod
    def _concat_would_copy() -> bool:
        return False

    @staticmethod
    def _empty_table() -> "pyarrow.Table":
        return pyarrow_table_from_pydict({})

    def block_type(self) -> BlockType:
        return BlockType.ARROW


def _get_max_chunk_size(
    table: "pyarrow.Table", max_chunk_size_bytes: int
) -> Optional[int]:
    """
    Calculate the max chunk size in rows for Arrow to Batches conversion in
    ArrowBlockAccessor.iter_rows().
    Args:
        table: The pyarrow table to calculate the max chunk size for.
        max_chunk_size_bytes: The max chunk size in bytes.
    Returns:
        The max chunk size in rows, or None if the table is empty.
    """
    if table.nbytes == 0:
        return None
    else:
        avg_row_size = table.nbytes / table.num_rows
        return max(1, int(max_chunk_size_bytes / avg_row_size))


class ArrowBlockAccessor(TableBlockAccessor):
    ROW_TYPE = ArrowRow

    def __init__(self, table: "pyarrow.Table"):
        if pyarrow is None:
            raise ImportError("Run `pip install pyarrow` for Arrow support")
        super().__init__(table)
        self._max_chunk_size: Optional[int] = None

    def _get_row(self, index: int) -> ArrowRow:
        base_row = self.slice(index, index + 1, copy=False)
        return ArrowRow(base_row)

    def column_names(self) -> List[str]:
        return self._table.column_names

    def fill_column(self, name: str, value: Any) -> Block:
        import pyarrow.compute as pc

        # Check if value is array-like - if so, use upsert_column logic
        if isinstance(value, (pyarrow.Array, pyarrow.ChunkedArray)):
            return self.upsert_column(name, value)
        else:
            # Scalar value - use original fill_column logic
            if isinstance(value, pyarrow.Scalar):
                type = value.type
            else:
                type = pyarrow.infer_type([value])

            array = pyarrow.nulls(len(self._table), type=type)
            array = pc.fill_null(array, value)
            return self.upsert_column(name, array)

    @classmethod
    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes) -> "ArrowBlockAccessor":
        reader = pyarrow.ipc.open_stream(data)
        return cls(reader.read_all())

    @staticmethod
    def _build_tensor_row(
        row: ArrowRow, row_idx: int, col_name: str = TENSOR_COLUMN_NAME
    ) -> np.ndarray:

        element = row[col_name][row_idx]
        arr = element.as_py()

        assert isinstance(arr, np.ndarray), type(arr)
        return arr

    def slice(self, start: int, end: int, copy: bool = False) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        view = self._table.slice(start, end - start)
        if copy:
            view = transform_pyarrow.combine_chunks(view, copy)
        return view

    def random_shuffle(self, random_seed: Optional[int]) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        return shuffle(self._table, random_seed)

    def schema(self) -> "pyarrow.lib.Schema":
        return self._table.schema

    def to_pandas(self) -> "pandas.DataFrame":
        from ray.air.util.data_batch_conversion import _cast_tensor_columns_to_ndarrays

        # We specify ignore_metadata=True because pyarrow will use the metadata
        # to build the Table. This is handled incorrectly for older pyarrow versions
        ctx = DataContext.get_current()
        df = self._table.to_pandas(ignore_metadata=ctx.pandas_block_ignore_metadata)
        if ctx.enable_tensor_extension_casting:
            df = _cast_tensor_columns_to_ndarrays(df)
        return df

    def to_numpy(
        self, columns: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None
    ) -> Union[np.ndarray, Dict[str, np.ndarray]]:
        if columns is None:
            columns = self._table.column_names
            should_be_single_ndarray = False
        elif isinstance(columns, list):
            should_be_single_ndarray = False
        else:
            columns = [columns]
            should_be_single_ndarray = True

        column_names_set = set(self._table.column_names)
        for column in columns:
            if column not in column_names_set:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Cannot find column {column}, available columns: "
                    f"{column_names_set}"
                )

        column_values_ndarrays = []

        for col_name in columns:
            col = self._table[col_name]

            # Combine columnar values arrays to make these contiguous
            # (making them compatible with numpy format)
            combined_array = transform_pyarrow.combine_chunked_array(col)

            column_values_ndarrays.append(
                transform_pyarrow.to_numpy(combined_array, zero_copy_only=False)
            )

        if should_be_single_ndarray:
            assert len(columns) == 1
            return column_values_ndarrays[0]
        else:
            return dict(zip(columns, column_values_ndarrays))

    def to_arrow(self) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        return self._table

    def num_rows(self) -> int:
        # Arrow may represent an empty table via an N > 0 row, 0-column table, e.g. when
        # slicing an empty table, so we return 0 if num_columns == 0.
        return self._table.num_rows if self._table.num_columns > 0 else 0

    def size_bytes(self) -> int:
        return self._table.nbytes

    def _zip(self, acc: BlockAccessor) -> "Block":
        r = self.to_arrow()
        s = acc.to_arrow()
        for col_name in s.column_names:
            col = s.column(col_name)
            # Ensure the column names are unique after zip.
            if col_name in r.column_names:
                i = 1
                new_name = col_name
                while new_name in r.column_names:
                    new_name = "{}_{}".format(col_name, i)
                    i += 1
                col_name = new_name
            r = r.append_column(col_name, col)
        return r

    def upsert_column(
        self, column_name: str, column_data: BlockColumn
    ) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        assert isinstance(
            column_data, (pyarrow.Array, pyarrow.ChunkedArray)
        ), f"Expected either a pyarrow.Array or pyarrow.ChunkedArray, got: {type(column_data)}"

        column_idx = self._table.schema.get_field_index(column_name)
        if column_idx == -1:
            return self._table.append_column(column_name, column_data)
        else:
            return self._table.set_column(column_idx, column_name, column_data)

    @staticmethod
    def builder() -> ArrowBlockBuilder:
        return ArrowBlockBuilder()

    @staticmethod
    def _empty_table() -> "pyarrow.Table":
        return ArrowBlockBuilder._empty_table()

    def take(
        self,
        indices: Union[List[int], "pyarrow.Array", "pyarrow.ChunkedArray"],
    ) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        """Select rows from the underlying table.

        This method is an alternative to pyarrow.Table.take(), which breaks for
        extension arrays.
        """
        return transform_pyarrow.take_table(self._table, indices)

    def drop(self, columns: List[str]) -> Block:
        return self._table.drop(columns)

    def select(self, columns: List[str]) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        if not all(isinstance(col, str) for col in columns):
            raise ValueError(
                "Columns must be a list of column name strings when aggregating on "
                f"Arrow blocks, but got: {columns}."
            )
        if len(columns) == 0:
            # Applicable for count which does an empty projection.
            # Pyarrow returns a table with 0 columns and num_rows rows.
            return self.fill_column(_BATCH_SIZE_PRESERVING_STUB_COL_NAME, None)
        return self._table.select(columns)

    def rename_columns(self, columns_rename: Dict[str, str]) -> "pyarrow.Table":
        return self._table.rename_columns(columns_rename)

    def hstack(self, other_block: "pyarrow.Table") -> "pyarrow.Table":

        result_table = self._table
        for name, column in zip(other_block.column_names, other_block.columns):
            result_table = result_table.append_column(name, column)

        return result_table

    def _sample(self, n_samples: int, sort_key: "SortKey") -> "pyarrow.Table":
        indices = random.sample(range(self._table.num_rows), n_samples)
        table = self._table.select(sort_key.get_columns())
        return transform_pyarrow.take_table(table, indices)

    def sort(self, sort_key: "SortKey") -> Block:
        assert (
            sort_key.get_columns()
        ), f"Sorting columns couldn't be empty (got {sort_key.get_columns()})"

        if self._table.num_rows == 0:
            # If the pyarrow table is empty we may not have schema
            # so calling sort_indices() will raise an error.
            return self._empty_table()

        context = DataContext.get_current()
        sort = get_sort_transform(context)

        return sort(self._table, sort_key)

    def sort_and_partition(
        self, boundaries: List[T], sort_key: "SortKey"
    ) -> List["Block"]:
        table = self.sort(sort_key)

        if table.num_rows == 0:
            return [self._empty_table() for _ in range(len(boundaries) + 1)]
        elif len(boundaries) == 0:
            return [table]

        return BlockAccessor.for_block(table)._find_partitions_sorted(
            boundaries, sort_key
        )

    @staticmethod
    def merge_sorted_blocks(
        blocks: List[Block], sort_key: "SortKey"
    ) -> Tuple[Block, BlockMetadataWithSchema]:
        stats = BlockExecStats.builder()
        blocks = [b for b in blocks if b.num_rows > 0]
        if len(blocks) == 0:
            ret = ArrowBlockAccessor._empty_table()
        else:
            # Handle blocks of different types.
            blocks = TableBlockAccessor.normalize_block_types(blocks, BlockType.ARROW)
            concat_and_sort = get_concat_and_sort_transform(DataContext.get_current())
            ret = concat_and_sort(blocks, sort_key, promote_types=True)
        return ret, BlockMetadataWithSchema.from_block(ret, stats=stats.build())

    def block_type(self) -> BlockType:
        return BlockType.ARROW

    def iter_rows(
        self, public_row_format: bool
    ) -> Iterator[Union[Mapping, np.ndarray]]:
        table = self._table
        if public_row_format:
            if self._max_chunk_size is None:
                # Calling _get_max_chunk_size in constructor makes it slow, so we
                # are calling it here only when needed.
                self._max_chunk_size = _get_max_chunk_size(
                    table, ARROW_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE_BYTES
                )
            for batch in table.to_batches(max_chunksize=self._max_chunk_size):
                yield from batch.to_pylist()
        else:
            num_rows = self.num_rows()
            for i in range(num_rows):
                yield self._get_row(i)

    def filter(self, predicate_expr: "Expr") -> "pyarrow.Table":
        """Filter rows based on a predicate expression."""
        if self._table.num_rows == 0:
            return self._table

        from ray.data._internal.planner.plan_expression.expression_evaluator import (
            eval_expr,
        )

        # Evaluate the expression to get a boolean mask
        mask = eval_expr(predicate_expr, self._table)

        # Use PyArrow's built-in filter method
        return self._table.filter(mask)


class ArrowBlockColumnAccessor(BlockColumnAccessor):
    def __init__(self, col: Union["pyarrow.Array", "pyarrow.ChunkedArray"]):
        super().__init__(col)

    def count(self, *, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        res = pac.count(self._column, mode="only_valid" if ignore_nulls else "all")
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def sum(self, *, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        res = pac.sum(self._column, skip_nulls=ignore_nulls)
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def min(self, *, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        res = pac.min(self._column, skip_nulls=ignore_nulls)
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def max(self, *, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        res = pac.max(self._column, skip_nulls=ignore_nulls)
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def mean(self, *, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        res = pac.mean(self._column, skip_nulls=ignore_nulls)
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def sum_of_squared_diffs_from_mean(
        self, ignore_nulls: bool, mean: Optional[U] = None, as_py: bool = True
    ) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        # Calculate mean if not provided
        if mean is None:
            mean = self.mean(ignore_nulls=ignore_nulls)

        if mean is None:
            return None

        res = pac.sum(
            pac.power(pac.subtract(self._column, mean), 2), skip_nulls=ignore_nulls
        )
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def quantile(
        self, *, q: float, ignore_nulls: bool, as_py: bool = True
    ) -> Optional[U]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        array = pac.quantile(self._column, q=q, skip_nulls=ignore_nulls)
        # NOTE: That quantile method still returns an array
        res = array[0]
        return res.as_py() if as_py else res

    def unique(self) -> BlockColumn:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        if self.is_composed_of_lists():
            # NOTE: Arrow doesn't provide unique kernels for `ListArray`s and
            #       such, so we rely on Polars to encode and compute unique
            #       values instead
            import polars

            return polars.from_arrow(self._column).unique().to_arrow()

        return pac.unique(self._column)

    def value_counts(self) -> Optional[Dict[str, List]]:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        value_counts: pyarrow.StructArray = pac.value_counts(self._column)
        if len(value_counts) == 0:
            return None
        return {
            "values": value_counts.field("values").to_pylist(),
            "counts": value_counts.field("counts").to_pylist(),
        }

    def hash(self) -> BlockColumn:
        import polars as pl

        df = pl.DataFrame({"col": self._column})
        hashes = df.hash_rows().cast(pl.Int64, wrap_numerical=True)
        return hashes.to_arrow()

    def flatten(self) -> BlockColumn:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        return pac.list_flatten(self._column)

    def dropna(self) -> BlockColumn:
        import pyarrow.compute as pac

        return pac.drop_null(self._column)

    def is_composed_of_lists(self) -> bool:
        types = (pyarrow.lib.ListType, pyarrow.lib.LargeListType)
        return isinstance(self._column.type, types)

    def to_pylist(self) -> List[Any]:
        return self._column.to_pylist()

    def to_numpy(self, zero_copy_only: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
        if get_pyarrow_version() < _MIN_PYARROW_VERSION_TO_NUMPY_ZERO_COPY_ONLY:
            if isinstance(
                self._column, pyarrow.ChunkedArray
            ):  # NOTE: ChunkedArray in Pyarrow < 13.0.0 does not support ``zero_copy_only``
                return self._column.to_numpy()
            else:
                return self._column.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=zero_copy_only)

        return self._column.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=zero_copy_only)

    def _as_arrow_compatible(self) -> Union[List[Any], "pyarrow.Array"]:
        return self._column